Important textile knowledge

1. Hue is the common name of color.
2. Value is the term used to describe lightness, darkness, tone and shade of the hues.
3. Chroma is the term used to describe the depth of color: that is dullness, brightness, saturation, intensity, vividness or purity of the color.
4. INTENSITY: The strength of a color, especially the degree to which it lacks its complementary.
5. COLOUR: Color is a sensation which occurs when light enters the eyes.
6. METAMERISM: When a dyed or printed textile material is examined under different lighting conditions, this phenomenon is known is metamerism.
7. Cellulosic and linen fabric can be recognized with the help of dilute sulphuric acid.
8. For recognizing the wool and silk fabric, caustic soda (Strong alkali) is used.
9. For recognizing the nylon fabric formic acid is used, but when nylon is mixed with another fibers.
10. For pure nylon fabric phenol is used.
11. For recognizing the polyester fabric phenol (carbolic acid) and formic acid is used.
12. For recognizing the acetate fabric acetone is used.
13. Carbolic acid (Phenol) = C6 H5 OH.
14. Formic acid = HCOOH
15. Acetone (Ketone) = CH3COCH3
16. Cellulose = C6 H10 O5
17. Glucose = C6 H12 O6
18. Manmade is hydrophobic.
19. Natural is hydrophilic.
20. For bleaching PH should be 10 to 11.
21. PILLS: Pills are short fibers like a ball which are present on the surface of fabric.
22. STELOMETER: Stelometer is a device which is used to measure strength of single fibers and single yarn.
23. Twist may be defined as no. of turns per inch is called twist per inch (TPI).
24. The unit of sound is decibel (Dba).
25. The unit of hardness is shore.
26. COUNT: Count is relation between length and weight OR Hanks per pound is called count.
27. SUBLIMATION: The process in which solids are directly converted into a gas is called sublimation.
28. HYGROMETER: The device which is used to measure the relative humidity is called hygrometer.
29. DESIZER: Following desizers are used for desizing.
1. Enzymatic -------------enzyme
2. Oxidative---------------H2O2
3. ACID-------------------H2SO4,HCL
4. BASE-------------------NaOH
 .30. There are two types of sizes.
1. Natural (Starch, potato, maize, rice etc.)
2. Artificial or synthetic (PVA, PAC etc.)

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31. MENDING: To check the surface or fault of the fabric.
32. TWILL: A fabric with diagonal parallel ribs. 
33. MERCERIZING: To treat (cotton thread) with sodium hydroxide so as to shrink the fiber and increase its luster and affinity for dye.
34. SCOURING: To remove dirt or grease from (cloth or fibers) by means of a detergent.
35. SIGEING: To burn the nap from (cloth) in manufacturing.
36. NAP: A soft or fuzzy surface on fabric.
37. BLEACHING: To make white or colorless.
38. Steps of printing are , 
1. Drying 2.Fixation 3.Soaping
  39. There are three styles of printing.
  1. Direct 2. Discharge 3.Resist
  40. Printing PH should be 5 to 5.5 but 4 to 5 is favorable.
  41. Anhydrous = Without water
  42. Affinity = Attraction between two items.  
  43. Sodium carbonate = Na2CO3 = Washing soda
  44. Sodium bicarbonate = NaHCO3 = Baking soda
  45. Ultraviolet light = Black light
  46. Disperse dye is mainly used for polyester.
  47. Glauber’s salt = Sodium sulphate
  48. Muriatic acid = Hydrochloric acid. (HCl)
  49. Ounce = 28.35 g
  50. Urea = Carbamide CO (NH2)2
  51. Acetic acid = CH3COOH = Vinegar
  52. DIRECT DYES: commonly used for medium quality textiles, mainly cellulosic, may also be used for wool and silk.
  53. REACTIVE DYES: Most common dye in the dyeing of cotton today because of highly fashionable color range and good fastness properties, useful for cellulosic, protein and nylon fibers.
  54. SULPHUR DYES: used for heavy cotton goods as well as for linen and jute.
  55. VAT DYES: Used for high quality cotton goods, special use in the dyeing of denim fabric.
  56. DISPERSE DYES: Most useful for polyester, both for dyeing and printing.
  57. SPANDEX: A synthetic elastic fiber of polyurethane.
  58. STRIPPING: Removal of dye from fabric, it is usually done with a reducing agent such as thiox and sodium hydrosulfite.
  59. TENDERING: Weakening of a fiber, normally meaning as a result of chemical degradation, cellulose fibers can be tendered by acids or by excessive action of oxidative acids.
  60. UREA: It helps increases the limit of solubility of some dyes, it also increases the swelling of fibers.